Origen, evolución y aplicación de indicadores de pobreza energética en Iberoamérica

Autores/as

Resumen

La Pobreza Energética es un concepto multifacético con connotaciones locales y efectos adversos. La mayoría de las revisiones se han enfocado en las definiciones y los enfoques metodológicos, dado el interés creciente por conceptualizar y medir. El objetivo de esta investigación es  estudiar la evolución y origen de indicadores de PE en los países de Iberoamérica por su cercanía en las características climáticas, culturales y socioeconómicas. Se hizo una revisión utilizando el marco analítico SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis). Se encontraron 61 artículos, 150 evaluaciones y 49 indicadores que fueron catalogados según su evolución, etapa inicial (n = 7), expansión (n = 12) y multidimensional (n = 30). Los resultados muestran un crecimiento de estudios en los últimos cinco años, destacando España y Chile como los países de Iberoamérica que han desarrollado más investigación e indicadores de PE. La mayoría de las mediciones, que se han empleado de forma continua y en múltiples ocasiones, provienen del Reino Unido. Es posible inferir que los investigadores prefieren indicadores sencillos desarrollados en otras realidades por la falta de información o la dificultad para conseguirla. 

Palabras clave:

energía, indicadores, pobreza de combustible, pobreza energética, vulnerabilidad energética, Latinoamérica

Biografía del autor/a

Alexis Pérez-Fargallo, Universidad del Bio-Bío

Doctor en Tecnología de la Construcción: Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad de Sevilla (España). Becario postdoctoral Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica de Chile (CONICYT) en la Universidad del Bío-Bío (Chile).

Profesor Asociado, Departamento de Construcción, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chille.

 

Valeska Cerda-Fuentes, Universidad Católica del Norte

Máster en Ergonomía, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (España).

Académico Escuela de Arquitectura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile.

Evelyn Delgado-Gutierrez, Universidad de Sevilla

Máster en Gestión Integral de la Edificación, Universidad de Sevilla (España).

Personal Investigador, Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas II, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.

José Alí Porras-Salazar, Universidad de Costa Rica

Doctor en Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad del Bío-Bío (Chile). Becario postdoctoral Berkeley Education Alliance for Research in Singapore (BEARS) (Singapur).

Académico Escuela de Arquitectura, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.

Referencias

Alba-Rodríguez, M. D., Rubio-Bellido, C., Tristancho-Carvajal, M., Castaño-Rosa, R., y Marrero, M. (2021). Present and future energy poverty, a holistic approach: A case study in Seville, Spain. Sustainability, 13(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147866

Alfaro, S. L. (2020). Método satisfacción de necesidades absolutas de energía para un acercamiento al concepto de pobreza energética. Avances en Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente-AVERMA, 21, 33-42.

Álvarez Escobar, B. y Boso Gaspar, Á. (2018). Representaciones sociales de la contaminación del aire y las estufas de leña en diferentes niveles socioeconómicos de la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 34(3), 527-540. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2018.34.03.14

Antepara, I., Papada, L., Gouveia, J. P., Katsoulakos, N., y Kaliampakos, D. (2020). Improving energy poverty measurement in southern European regions through equivalization of modeled energy costs. Sustainability, 12(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145721

Aristondo, O. y Onaindia, E. (2018). Inequality of energy poverty between groups in Spain. Energy, 153, 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.029

Aristondo, O. y Onaindia, E. (2023). Decomposing energy poverty in three components. Energy, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125572

Bagnoli, L., y Bertoméu-Sánchez, S. (2022). How effective has the electricity social rate been in reducing energy poverty in Spain? Energy Economics, 106, 105792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105792

Banerjee, R., Mishra, V., y Maruta, A. A. (2021). Energy poverty, health and education outcomes: Evidence from the developing world. Energy Economics, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105447

Barrella, R., Linares, J. I., Romero, J. C., Arenas, E., y Centeno, E. (2021). Does cash money solve energy poverty? Assessing the impact of household heating allowances in Spain. Energy Research & Social Science, 80, 102216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102216

Barrella, R., Romero, J. C., Linares, J. I., Arenas, E., Asín, M., y Centeno, E. (2022). The dark side of energy poverty: Who is underconsuming in Spain and why? Energy Research & Social Science, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102428

Bayona-Velásquez, E., Pirela-Ríos, A., Alvarez, J. R. N., y Marín-Giraldo, E. (2022). Measurement of energy poverty in the Colombian caribbean region: Comparative analysis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1340558/v1

Bezerra, P., Cruz, T., Mazzone, A., Lucena, A. F. P., De Cian, E., y Schaeffer, R. (2022). The multidimensionality of energy poverty in Brazil: A historical analysis. Energy Policy, 171, 113268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113268

Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Berti, K., Delgado-Gutierrez, E., y Marín-García, D. (2022). Evaluating the possibility of applying the Poverty-Adaptive Degree Hourly Index (PADHI) in Andalusia. En C. Rubio-Bellido y J. Solis-Guzman (Eds.), Energy poverty alleviation: new approaches and contexts (pp. 239-254). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91084-6_11

Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Sánchez-García, D., y Rubio-Bellido, C. (2021). Adaptive setpoint temperatures to reduce the risk of energy poverty? A local case study in Seville. Energy and Buildings, 231, 110571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110571

Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Sánchez-García, D., Rubio-Bellido, C., y Marín-García, D. (2021). Potential of applying adaptive strategies in buildings to reduce the severity of fuel poverty according to the climate zone and climate change: The case of Andalusia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 73, 103088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103088

Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Sánchez-García, D., Rubio-Bellido, C., y Pulido-Arcas, J. A. (2021). Applying the mixed-mode with an adaptive approach to reduce the energy poverty in social dwellings: The case of Spain. Energy, 237, 121636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121636

Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Sanz Fernández, A., Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., y Rubio-Bellido, C. (2022). Assessment of energy poverty in Andalusian municipalities. Application of a combined indicator to detect priorities. Energy Reports, 8, 5100-5116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.045

Boardman, B. (2013). Fixing fuel poverty: Challenges and solutions. Routledge.

Bouzarovski, S. y Petrova, S. (2015). A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary. Energy Research & Social Science, 10, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007

Brunner, K.-M., Spitzer, M., y Christanell, A. (2012). Experiencing fuel poverty. Coping strategies of low-income households in Vienna/Austria. Energy Policy, 49, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.076

Calvo, R., Álamos, N., Billi, M., Urquiza, A., y Contreras Lisperguer, R. (2021). Desarrollo de indicadores de pobreza energética en América Latina y el Caribe. CEPAL.

Castaño-Rosa, R. y Okushima, S. (2021). Prevalence of energy poverty in Japan: A comprehensive analysis of energy poverty vulnerabilities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 145, 111006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111006

Castaño-Rosa, R., Solís-Guzmán, J., y Marrero, M. (2020). A novel index of vulnerable homes: Findings from application in Spain. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(3), 311-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18764783

Castaño-Rosa, R., Solís-Guzmán, J., y Marrero-Meléndez, M. (2020). Midiendo la pobreza energética. Una revisión de indicadores. Hábitat Sustentable, 08-21. https://doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.01.01

Cedano, K. G., Robles-Bonilla, T., Santillán, O. S., y Martínez, M. (2021). Assessing energy poverty in urban regions of Mexico: The role of thermal comfort and bioclimatic context. Sustainability, 13(19), 10646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910646

CEPAL. (2022). La energía en América Latina y el Caribe: acceso, renovabilidad y eficiencia. Autor. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/47924-la-energia-america-latina-caribe-acceso-renovabilidad-eficiencia

Clavijo-Núñez, S., Herrera-Limones, R., Rey-Pérez, J., y Torres-García, M. (2022). Energy poverty in Andalusia. An analysis through decentralised indicators. Energy Policy, 167, 113083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113083

Costa-Campi, M. T., Jové-Llopis, E., y Trujillo-Baute, E. (2019). Energy poverty in Spain: An income approach analysis. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 14(7-9), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2019.1710624

Cuerdo-Vilches, T., Navas-Martín, M. Á., y Oteiza, I. (2021). Behavior patterns, energy consumption and comfort during COVID-19 lockdown related to home features, socioeconomic factors and energy poverty in Madrid. Sustainability, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115949

Desvallées, L. (2022). Low-carbon retrofits in social housing: Energy efficiency, multidimensional energy poverty, and domestic comfort strategies in southern Europe. Energy Research & Social Science, 85, 102413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102413

Encinas, F., Truffello, R., Aguirre-Nuñez, C., Puig, I., Vergara-Perucich, F., Freed, C., y Rodríguez, B. (2022). Mapping energy poverty: How much impact do socioeconomic, urban and climatic variables have at a territorial scale? Land, 11(9), 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091449

García Alvarez, G. y Tol, R. S. J. (2021). The impact of the Bono Social de Electricidad on energy poverty in Spain. Energy Economics, 103, 105554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105554

García-Ochoa, R. y Graizbord, B. (2016). Caracterización espacial de la pobreza energética en México. Un análisis a escala subnacional. Economía, Sociedad y Territorio, 16(51), 289-337. https://doi.org/10.22136/est002016465

García Ochoa, R. y Graizbord Ed, B. (2016). Privation of energy services in Mexican households: An alternative measure of energy poverty. Energy Research & Social Science, 18, 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.014

Gómez-Navarro, T., Calero-Pastor, M., Pellicer-Sifres, V., Lillo-Rodrigo, P., Alfonso-Solar, D., y Pérez-Navarro, Á. (2021). Fuel poverty map of Valencia (Spain): Results of a direct survey to citizens and recommendations for policy making. Energy Policy, 151, 112162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112162

Gouveia, J. P., Palma, P., Bessa, S., Mahoney, K., y Sequeira, M. (2022). Energy poverty national indicators: Insights for a more effective measuring. Energy Poverty Advisory Hub.

Gouveia, J. P., Palma, P., y Simoes, S. G. (2019). Energy poverty vulnerability index: A multidimensional tool to identify hotspots for local action. Energy Reports, 5, 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.12.004

Grant, M. J. y Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

Hernández, M. F., Aguado, L. F., y Duque, H. (2018). Índice de pobreza energética multidimensional por regiones para Colombia, ipem_rc 2013. Economía Coyuntural, 3(3), 35-72.

Horta, A., Gouveia, J. P., Schmidt, L., Sousa, J. C., Palma, P., y Simões, S. (2019). Energy poverty in Portugal: Combining vulnerability mapping with household interviews. Energy and Buildings, 203, 109423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109423

Huybrechs, F., Meyer, S., y Vranken, J. (2011). La précarité énergétique en Belgique-Rapport final. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Universiteit Antwerpen.

Isherwood, B. C. y Hancock, R. M. (1979). Household expenditure on fuel: Distributional aspects. Economic Advisers Office, DHSS.

Jessel, S., Sawyer, S., y Hernández, D. (2019). Energy, poverty, and health in climate change: A comprehensive review of an emerging literature. Frontiers in Public Health, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00357

Kyprianou, I., Serghides, D. K., Varo, A., Gouveia, J. P., Kopeva, D., y Murauskaite, L. (2019). Energy poverty policies and measures in 5 EU countries: A comparative study. Energy and Buildings, 196, 46-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.003

Kyprianou, I., Varo, A., Puig, S. M. I., y Serghides, D. (2022). Energy poverty and policy implications in two mediterranean countries. En A. Sayigh (Ed.), Sustainable energy development and innovation: Selected papers from the World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) 2020 (pp. 523-531). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_61

Liddell, C. y Guiney, C. (2015). Living in a cold and damp home: Frameworks for understanding impacts on mental well-being. Public Health, 129(3), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.11.007

Martín-Consuegra, F., Gómez Giménez, J. M., Alonso, C., Córdoba Hernández, R., Hernández Aja, A., y Oteiza, I. (2020). Multidimensional index of fuel poverty in deprived neighbourhoods. Case study of Madrid. Energy and Buildings, 224, 110205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110205

Martín-Consuegra, F., Hernández-Aja, A., Oteiza, I., Alonso, C., Martín-Consuegra, F., Hernández-Aja, A., Oteiza, I., y Alonso, C. (2019). Distribución de la pobreza energética en la ciudad de Madrid (España). EURE, 45(135), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612019000200133

Middlemiss, L. y Gillard, R. (2015). Fuel poverty from the bottom-up: Characterising household energy vulnerability through the lived experience of the fuel poor. Energy Research & Social Science, 6, 146-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.02.001

Murias, P., Valcárcel-Aguiar, B., y Regueiro-Ferreira, R. M. (2020). A territorial estimate for household energy vulnerability: An application for Spain. Sustainability, 12(15), 5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155904

Naciones Unidas. (2015). Objetivo 7: Garantizar el acceso a una energía asequible, segura, sostenible y moderna. Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/energy/

Oliveira Panão, M. J. N. (2021). Lessons learnt from using energy poverty expenditure-based indicators in a mild winter climate. Energy and Buildings, 242, 110936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110936

Pereira, G., González, A., y Ríos, R. (2021). Capturing multidimensional energy poverty in South America: A comparative study of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.632009

Pereira, M. G., Freitas, M. A. V., y Silva, N. F. d. (2011). The challenge of energy poverty: Brazilian case study. Energy Policy, 39(1), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.09.025

Pérez-Fargallo, A., Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Rubio-Bellido, C., y Trebilcock, M. (2020). Energy poverty risk mapping methodology considering the user’s thermal adaptability: The case of Chile. Energy for Sustainable Development, 58, 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2020.07.009

Pérez-Fargallo, A., Leyton-Vergara, M., Wegertseder, P., y Castaño-Rosa, R. (2022). Energy poverty evaluation using a three-dimensional and territorial indicator: A case study in Chile. Buildings, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081125

Pérez-Fargallo, A. y Marín-Restrepo, L. (2023). What Are the Barriers to Environmental Comfort in the Global South? En Removing barriers to environmental comfort in the global South (pp. 1-13). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24208-3_1

Pérez-Fargallo, A., Marín-Restrepo, L., Contreras-Espinoza, S., y Bienvenido-Huertas, D. (2023). Do we need complex and multidimensional indicators to assess energy poverty? The case of the Chilean indicator. Energy and Buildings, 295, 113314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113314

Pérez-Fargallo, A., Rubio-Bellido, C., Pulido-Arcas, J. A., y Guevara-García, F. J. (2018). Fuel poverty potential risk index in the context of climate change in Chile. Energy Policy, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.054

Pérez-Fargallo, A., Rubio-Bellido, C., Pulido-Arcas, J. A., y Trebilcock, M. (2017). Development policy in social housing allocation: Fuel poverty potential risk index. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17713071

Pino-Mejías, R., Pérez-Fargallo, A., Rubio-Bellido, C., y Pulido-Arcas, J. A. (2018). Artificial neural networks and linear regression prediction models for social housing allocation: Fuel Poverty Potential Risk Index. Energy, 164, 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.056

Porras-Salazar, J. A., Contreras-Espinoza, S., Cartes, I., Piggot-Navarrete, J., y Pérez-Fargallo, A. (2020). Energy poverty analyzed considering the adaptive comfort of people living in social housing in the central-south of Chile. Energy and Buildings, 223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110081

Primc, K., Dominko, M., y Slabe-Erker, R. (2021). 30 years of energy and fuel poverty research: A retrospective analysis and future trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 301, 127003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127003

Quishpe Sinailin, P., Taltavull de la Paz, P., y Juárez Tárraga, F. (2019). Energy poverty in Ecuador. Sustainability, 11(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226320

R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [programa informático]. Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Recalde, M., Peralta, A., Oliveras, L., Tirado-Herrero, S., Borrell, C., Palència, L., Gotsens, M., Artazcoz, L., y Marí-Dell’Olmo, M. (2019). Structural energy poverty vulnerability and excess winter mortality in the European Union: Exploring the association between structural determinants and health. Energy Policy, 133, 110869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.07.005

Reyes, R., Schueftan, A., Ruiz, C., y González, A. D. (2019). Controlling air pollution in a context of high energy poverty levels in southern Chile: Clean air but colder houses? Energy Policy, 124, 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.022

Robles-Bonilla, T. y Cedano, K. G. (2021). Addressing thermal comfort in regional energy poverty assessment with Nussbaumer’s MEPI. Sustainability, 13(1), 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010352

Samarakoon, S. (2019). A justice and wellbeing centered framework for analysing energy poverty in the Global South. Ecological Economics, 165, 106385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106385

Sanchez-Guevara, C., Núñez Peiró, M., Taylor, J., Mavrogianni, A., y Neila González, J. (2019). Assessing population vulnerability towards summer energy poverty: Case studies of Madrid and London. Energy and Buildings, 190, 132-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.02.024

Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., Neila González, F. J., y Hernández Aja, A. (2018). Energy poverty methodology based on minimal thermal habitability conditions for low income housing in Spain. Energy and Buildings, 169, 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.038

Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., Sanz Fernández, A., Núñez Peiró, M., y Gómez Muñoz, G. (2020). Energy poverty in Madrid: Data exploitation at the city and district level. Energy Policy, 144, 111653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111653

Sánchez-Torija, J. G. y Nieto, M. A. F. (2022). Energy consumption of buildings and urban energy poverty assessment: Case study of a Madrid neighbourhood. Energy Efficiency, 15(7), 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-022-10061-w

Santillán, O. S., Cedano, K. G., y Martínez, M. (2020). Analysis of energy poverty in 7 Latin American countries using Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index. Energies, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071608

Sanz Fernández, A., Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., Núñez Peiró, M., y Gayoso Heredia, M. (2022). From the regional assessment to the local identification of energy poverty. En C. Rubio-Bellido y J. Solis-Guzman (Eds.), Energy poverty alleviation: New approaches and contexts (pp. 153-169). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91084-6_6

Schueftan, A. y González, A. D. (2013). Reduction of firewood consumption by households in south-central Chile associated with energy efficiency programs. Energy Policy, 63, 823-832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.097

Simoes, S. G., Gregório, V., y Seixas, J. (2016). Mapping fuel poverty in Portugal. Energy Procedia, 106, 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.112

Soriano-Hernández, P., Mejía-Montero, A., y van der Horst, D. (2022). Characterisation of energy poverty in Mexico using energy justice and econophysics. Energy for Sustainable Development, 71, 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.09.005

Sy, S. A. y Mokaddem, L. (2022). Energy poverty in developing countries: A review of the concept and its measurements. Energy Research & Social Science, 89, 102562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102562

Taltavull de la Paz, P., Juárez Tárrega, F., Su, Z., y Monllor, P. (2022). Sources of Energy Poverty: A Factor Analysis Approach for Spain. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.847845

Terés-Zubiaga, J., González-Pino, I., Álvarez-González, I., y Campos-Celador, Á. (2023). Multidimensional procedure for mapping and monitoring urban energy vulnerability at regional level using public data: Proposal and implementation into a case study in Spain. Sustainable Cities and Society, 89, 104301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104301

Thomson, H., Bouzarovski, S., y Snell, C. (2017). Rethinking the measurement of energy poverty in Europe: A critical analysis of indicators and data. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(7), 879-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17699260

Thomson, H., Day, R., Ricalde, K., Brand-Correa, L. I., Cedano, K., Martinez, M., Santillán, O., Delgado Triana, Y., Luis Cordova, J. G., Milian Gómez, J. F., Garcia Torres, D., Mercado, C., Castelao Caruana, M. E., y Pereira, M. G. (2022). Understanding, recognizing, and sharing energy poverty knowledge and gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean – because conocer es resolver. Energy Research & Social Science, 87, 102475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102475

Thomson, H. y Snell, C. (2013). Quantifying the prevalence of fuel poverty across the European Union. Energy Policy, 52, 563-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.009

Tirado-Herrero, S. (2017). Energy poverty indicators: A critical review of methods. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(7), 1018-1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17718054

Tirado-Herrero, S. (2022). Measuring energy poverty at the urban scale: A Barcelona case study. En C. Rubio-Bellido y Solis-Guzman, J. (Eds.), Energy poverty alleviation: New approaches and contexts (pp. 267-284). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91084-6_13

Tirado Herrero, S. y Meneses, L. J. (2016). Energy poverty, crisis and austerity in Spain. People, Place and Policy, 10(1), 42-56. https://doi.org/10.3351/ppp.0010.0001.0004

Uche-Soria, M. y Rodríguez-Monroy, C. (2020). Energy planning and its relationship to energy poverty in decision making. A first approach for the Canary Islands. Energy Policy, 140, 111423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111423

Urquiza, A., Amigo, C., Billi, M., Calvo, R., Labraña, J., Oyarzún, T., y Valencia, F. (2019). Quality as a hidden dimension of energy poverty in middle-development countries. Literature review and case study from Chile. Energy and Buildings, 204, 109463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109463

Vidal Diaz, Y. V., Guevara-Garcia, F. J., Leon-Muñoz, M., y Guzman Carrizosa, I. (2022). Towards the Comprehensive Bonus for Social Housing Services. En C. Rubio-Bellido y J. Solis-Guzman (Eds.), Energy poverty alleviation: New approaches and contexts (pp. 91-151). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91084-6_5

Villalobos, C., Chávez, C., y Uribe, A. (2021). Energy poverty measures and the identification of the energy poor: A comparison between the utilitarian and capability-based approaches in Chile. Energy Policy, 152, 112146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112146