Approaches to the notion of "ambition" in the Paris Agreement
Authors
- Isaías Urzúa Guerrero Abogado, Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Chile, Diploma en Estudios Socioambientales de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades de la Universidad de Chile. Asistente de investigación y extensión, y ayudante del Centro de Derecho Ambiental de la Universidad de Chile (CDA).
-
Guadalupe Jiménez Blasco
Graduada en Relaciones Internacionales por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España) y Máster en Derecho internacional y europeo del medio ambiente. Asistente de investigación del Centro de Derecho Ambiental (CDA) de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile y del Centro del Clima y de la Resiliencia (CR)2 de la Universidad de Chile
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9645
Abstract
The notion of "ambition" plays a preponderant role within the rules of the Paris Agreement, in particular, regarding the progressive updating of National Determined Contributions (NDC). However, this concept does not yet have sufficient clarity and distinction to be able to serve as a trulyguiding directive in the formulation of Chile's new contributions. That is why we try to deliver some guidance from the practice of climate negotiations and International Law. We also offer a brief orientation regarding the consequences that this reading would have for Chile when formulating its new NDC.Keywords:
NDC, Paris Agreement, Ambition, International LawReferences
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Hautereau-Boutonnet, M. (2015) ‘Perspectives pour un droit global de l’environnement’ in Revue de droit d’Assas, 11: 123-131.
Hellio, H. (2017) ‘Les « Contributions Déterminées au Niveau National », instruments au statut juridique en devenir’ in RJE (nº spécial 2017): 35-48.
Hermwille, L., Siemosn, A., Förster, H. y Jeffery, L. (2019) ‘Catalyzing mitigation ambition under the Paris Agreement: elements for an effective Global Stocktake’ in Climate Policy, 19(8): 988-1001.
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Lahn, B. (2018) ‘In the light of equity and science: scientific expertice and climate justice after Paris’ in Int Environ Agreements 18: 29-43.
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Mayer, B. (2018) ‘International Law Obligations Arising in relation to Nationally Determined Contributions’ in Transnational Environmental Law 7(2): 251-275.
Mayer, B. (2019) ‘Transparency Under the Paris Rulebook: Is the Transparency Framework Truly Enhanced?’ in Climate Law 9(1-2): 40-64.
Meyer-Ohlendorf, N. (2018) ‘A Climate Law for Europe. Making the Paris Agreement Real’ , The Greens/EFA & Ecologic Institute, March 2018.
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Mitchell D, Allen MR, Hall JW, Muller B, Rajamani L y Le Quéré C (2018) The myriad challenges of the Paris Agreement in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376: 20180066.
Moraga, P., Meckievi, S. (2016) Análisis comparativo de legislación de cambio climático, abril 2016, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Adapt Chile, British Embassy Santiago (Chile), 101 p.
Nachmany, M., Fankhauser, S., Townshend, T., Collins, M., Landesman, T., Matthews, A., Pavese, C., Matthews, K., Schleifer, P. y Setzer , J. (2014). The Globe Climate Legislation Study: A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 66 Countries. London: GLOBE International and the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics.
Okereke, C., Bulkeley, H., y Schroeder, H. (2009). Conceptualizing Climate Governance Beyond the International Regime. Global Environmental Politics, 1, 58.
Pattberg, P., y Widerberg, O. (2015). Theorising Global Environmental Governance: Key Findings and Future Questions. Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 43 (2), 684- 705.
Pauw W.P (2016) NDC Explorer, German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), https://doi.org/10.23661/ ndc_explorer_2017_2.0. Disponible en: https://klimalog.die-gdi.de/ndc/#NDCExplorer/worldMap?NDC??income???catIncome
Pauw, W.P., Castro, P., Pickering, J. y Bhasin, S. (2019) ‘Conditional nationally determined contributions in the Paris Agreement: foothold for equity or Achilles heel?’ in Climate Policy.
Peel, J., Gooden, L. y Keenan, R. (2012) ‘Climate Change Law in an Era of Multi-Level Governance’ in Transnational Environmental Law 1(2): 245-280.
Percival, R.V. (2010) ‘Liability for Environmental Harm and Emerging Global Environmental Law, 25 Maryland Journal of International Law 37.
Rajamani, L. (2015) ‘Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative Possibilites and Underlying Politics’ in ICLQ 65: 493-514.
Rajamani, L., Brunnée, J. (2017) ‘The Legality of Downgrading Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement: Lessons from the US Disengagement’ in Journal of Environmental Law, 29: 537-551.
Rajamani, L., Werksman, J. (2018) ‘The legal character and operational relevance of the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal’ in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376 (art. No. 20160458).
Rose, S.K., Richels, R., Blanford, G., Rutherford, T. (2017) ‘The Paris Agreement and next steps in limiting global warming’ in Climatic Change 142: 255-270.
Rowan, S.S. (2019) ‘Pitfalls in comparing Paris pledges’ in Climatic Change 155: 455-467.
Rüdinger, A. et al. (2018) Towards Paris-compatible climate governance frameworks. An overview from recent research into 2050 climate laws and strategies, Studies Nº 04/18, IDDRI, Paris, France, 20 p.
Sælen H., Tørstad, V., Holz, C. y Dan Nielsen, T. (2019) ‘Fairness conceptions and self-determined mitigation ambition under the T Paris Agreement: Is there a relationship?’ in Environmental Science & Policy 101: 245-254.
Sapiains, R. et al. (2019) Exploring the contours of Climate Governance: An interdisciplinary systematic literature review from a Southern perspective.
Savaresi, A. (2016) ‘The Paris Agreement: A Rejoinder,’ EJIL: Talk! (16 February 2016). Available at: http://www.ejiltalk.org/ the-paris-agreement-a-rejoinder/
Scotford, E., Minas, S. (2019) ‘Probing the hidden depths of climate law: Analysing national climate change legislation’ in RECIEL, 28: 67-81.
Voigt, C. (2016) ‘The Compliance and Implementation Mechanism of the Paris Agreement’ in RECIEL 25(2): 161-173.
Winkler, H. Höhne, N., Cunliffe, G., Kuramochi, T., April, A. y Villafranca, M. (2018) ‘Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair: more rigour needed’ in Int Environ Agreements 18: 99-115.
Zaman, ST. (2015) ‘Exploring the Legal Nature of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under International Law’ in Yearbook of international Environmental Law 26(1): 98-126.
Bodansky D, Diringer E (2010) The evolution of multilateral regimes: implications for climate change, Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
Bodansky, D. (2016) ‘The Legal Character of the Paris Agreement’ in RECIEL 25(2): 142-150. Climate Action Tracker (2018): https://climateactiontracker.org/
Climate Action Tracker (2019) Update, 2019. Climate crisis demands more government action as emissions rise. Disponible en: https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/537/CAT_2019-06-19_SB50_CAT_Update.pdf (Acceso: 7 de septiembre de 2019).
Congreso de la República (Perú) (2018) Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático (Ley Nº 30754) de 18 de abril de 2018.
Congreso de Colombia (2018) Ley Nº 1931 por la cual se establecen directrices para la gestión del cambio climático de 27 de julio de 2018.
Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados, Viena, 23 de mayo de 1959 (entrada en vigor el 27 de enero de 1980), Naciones Unidas Treaty Series, Vol. 1155, 1-18232.
Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, Nueva York, 9 de mayo de 1992, 31 ILM 849/851, 1992.
Corte Internacional de Justicia. Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, San Francisco, 26 de junio de 1945.
Corte Internacional de justicia. Nucler Tests (Australia v. France), Judgement, Reports 1974, p. 253.
CMNUCC (2015) Decisión 1/CP.21, Adopción del Acuerdo de París, 21ª Conferencia de las Partes, Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, Paris, 12 de diciembre de 2015, Anexo: FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1.
CMNUCC (2018) Matters relating to the implementation of the Paris Agreement, 19th December 2018 (advance unedited version). Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cp24_auv_3cma1_final.pdf
CMNUCC (2018) Decisión -/CMA.1 Orientaciones adicionales en relación con la sección de la decision 1/CP.21 que se refiere a la mitigación, Katowice, 14th December 2018: FCCC/CP/2018/L.22
CMNUCC (2019) ‘UN Climate Change and COP 25 Presidency (in Spanish)’, Conferencia de prensa de Carolina Schdmit, presidenta de la COP 25, en el marco de la 50ª reunión de los órganos subsidiarios (SBSTA-SBI). Bonn, Alemania, 26 de junio de 2019. Disponible en: https://unfccc-sb50.streamworld.de/webcast/un-climate-change-and-cop-25-presidency (Acceso: 7 de septiembre de 2019).
CR2 (2019). Informa a la Nación: El Antropoceno en Chile: Evidencias y formas de avanzar. Santiago, Chile.
Ekardt, F. Wieding, J. y Zorn, A. (2018) ‘Paris Agreement, Precautionary Principle and Human Rights: Zero Emissions in Two Decades?’ in Sustainability 10: 2812.
Doelle, M. (2019) ‘The Heart of the Paris Rulebook: Communicating NDCs and Accounting for Their Implementation’ in Journal Article, Climate Law, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3332792
Fajardo, T. (2018) “El acuerdo de París sobre el cambio climático: sus aportaciones al desarrollo progresivo del Derecho internacional y las consecuencias de la retirada de los Estados Unidos” in Revista Española de Derecho Internacional 70(1): 23-51.
Gómez-González, S., Ojeda, F., Fernandes, P.M. (2018) ‘Portugal and Chile: Longing for sustainable forestry while rising from the ashes’ in Environmental Science & Policy 81: 104-107.
Hautereau-Boutonnet, M. (2015) ‘Perspectives pour un droit global de l’environnement’ in Revue de droit d’Assas, 11: 123-131.
Hellio, H. (2017) ‘Les « Contributions Déterminées au Niveau National », instruments au statut juridique en devenir’ in RJE (nº spécial 2017): 35-48.
Hermwille, L., Siemosn, A., Förster, H. y Jeffery, L. (2019) ‘Catalyzing mitigation ambition under the Paris Agreement: elements for an effective Global Stocktake’ in Climate Policy, 19(8): 988-1001.
King, L.C., van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. (2019) ‘Normalisation of Paris Agreement NDCs to enhance transparency and ambition’ in Environ. Res. Lett. 14: 084008.
Kohli, A. (2015) ‘ Making Sense of Transparency and Review in the Paris Agreement’ in Yearbook of international Environental Law 26(1): 46-67.
Lahn, B. (2018) ‘In the light of equity and science: scientific expertice and climate justice after Paris’ in Int Environ Agreements 18: 29-43.
Maljean-Dubois, S. (2016) ‘The Paris Agreement: A New Step in the Gradual Evolution of Differential Treatment in the Climate Regime?’ in RECIEL, 25: 151.
Mayer, B. (2015) ‘Conceiving the rationale for international climate law’ in Climatic Change 130(3): 371-382.
Mayer, B. (2018) ‘International Law Obligations Arising in relation to Nationally Determined Contributions’ in Transnational Environmental Law 7(2): 251-275.
Mayer, B. (2019) ‘Transparency Under the Paris Rulebook: Is the Transparency Framework Truly Enhanced?’ in Climate Law 9(1-2): 40-64.
Meyer-Ohlendorf, N. (2018) ‘A Climate Law for Europe. Making the Paris Agreement Real’ , The Greens/EFA & Ecologic Institute, March 2018.
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Chile (MMA) (2015) Contribución Nacional Tentativa de Chile (INDC) para el Acuerdo Climático París 2015. Disponible en línea en: https://mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-INDC-web.pdf (Acceso: 4 de septiembre de 2019).
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Chile (MMA) (2017) Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático 2017-2022, Santiago, Chile. Disponible en: https://mma.gob.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/plan_nacional_climatico_2017_2.pdf (Acceso: 8 de septiembre de 2019).
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Chile (MMA) (2019) Anteproyecto de Ley Marco de Cambio Climático. Disponible en línea en: http://consultasciudadanas.mma.gob.cl/mma-epac/app/obtenerDocumentoAntecedente?ruta=%2Fconsulta%2Fantecedentes%2F45f7ed38-1179-4297-bac3-e2b50d088fef.pdf (Acceso: 3 de septiembre de 2019).
Mitchell D, Allen MR, Hall JW, Muller B, Rajamani L y Le Quéré C (2018) The myriad challenges of the Paris Agreement in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376: 20180066.
Moraga, P., Meckievi, S. (2016) Análisis comparativo de legislación de cambio climático, abril 2016, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Adapt Chile, British Embassy Santiago (Chile), 101 p.
Nachmany, M., Fankhauser, S., Townshend, T., Collins, M., Landesman, T., Matthews, A., Pavese, C., Matthews, K., Schleifer, P. y Setzer , J. (2014). The Globe Climate Legislation Study: A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 66 Countries. London: GLOBE International and the Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics.
Okereke, C., Bulkeley, H., y Schroeder, H. (2009). Conceptualizing Climate Governance Beyond the International Regime. Global Environmental Politics, 1, 58.
Pattberg, P., y Widerberg, O. (2015). Theorising Global Environmental Governance: Key Findings and Future Questions. Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 43 (2), 684- 705.
Pauw W.P (2016) NDC Explorer, German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), https://doi.org/10.23661/ ndc_explorer_2017_2.0. Disponible en: https://klimalog.die-gdi.de/ndc/#NDCExplorer/worldMap?NDC??income???catIncome
Pauw, W.P., Castro, P., Pickering, J. y Bhasin, S. (2019) ‘Conditional nationally determined contributions in the Paris Agreement: foothold for equity or Achilles heel?’ in Climate Policy.
Peel, J., Gooden, L. y Keenan, R. (2012) ‘Climate Change Law in an Era of Multi-Level Governance’ in Transnational Environmental Law 1(2): 245-280.
Percival, R.V. (2010) ‘Liability for Environmental Harm and Emerging Global Environmental Law, 25 Maryland Journal of International Law 37.
Rajamani, L. (2015) ‘Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative Possibilites and Underlying Politics’ in ICLQ 65: 493-514.
Rajamani, L., Brunnée, J. (2017) ‘The Legality of Downgrading Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement: Lessons from the US Disengagement’ in Journal of Environmental Law, 29: 537-551.
Rajamani, L., Werksman, J. (2018) ‘The legal character and operational relevance of the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal’ in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 376 (art. No. 20160458).
Rose, S.K., Richels, R., Blanford, G., Rutherford, T. (2017) ‘The Paris Agreement and next steps in limiting global warming’ in Climatic Change 142: 255-270.
Rowan, S.S. (2019) ‘Pitfalls in comparing Paris pledges’ in Climatic Change 155: 455-467.
Rüdinger, A. et al. (2018) Towards Paris-compatible climate governance frameworks. An overview from recent research into 2050 climate laws and strategies, Studies Nº 04/18, IDDRI, Paris, France, 20 p.
Sælen H., Tørstad, V., Holz, C. y Dan Nielsen, T. (2019) ‘Fairness conceptions and self-determined mitigation ambition under the T Paris Agreement: Is there a relationship?’ in Environmental Science & Policy 101: 245-254.
Sapiains, R. et al. (2019) Exploring the contours of Climate Governance: An interdisciplinary systematic literature review from a Southern perspective.
Savaresi, A. (2016) ‘The Paris Agreement: A Rejoinder,’ EJIL: Talk! (16 February 2016). Available at: http://www.ejiltalk.org/ the-paris-agreement-a-rejoinder/
Scotford, E., Minas, S. (2019) ‘Probing the hidden depths of climate law: Analysing national climate change legislation’ in RECIEL, 28: 67-81.
Voigt, C. (2016) ‘The Compliance and Implementation Mechanism of the Paris Agreement’ in RECIEL 25(2): 161-173.
Winkler, H. Höhne, N., Cunliffe, G., Kuramochi, T., April, A. y Villafranca, M. (2018) ‘Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair: more rigour needed’ in Int Environ Agreements 18: 99-115.
Zaman, ST. (2015) ‘Exploring the Legal Nature of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under International Law’ in Yearbook of international Environmental Law 26(1): 98-126.
