Neurofisiología de la empatía: una revisión de investigaciones
Resumen
La empatía es un constructo con múltiples definiciones y modelos explicativos, los cuales se han conformado a partir de observaciones e investigaciones en humanos y otros animales. En el presente, se revisaron estudios en humanos sanos, que vincula empatía con conducta motora, sistema nervioso autónomo y central. La evidencia presentada apoya la asociación entre empatía y el sistema de neuronas en espejo, la imitación facial, el contagio pupilar, el sistema autonómico, la interocepción, la conectividad neuronal, la ínsula, el cíngulo, entre otras. Finalmente, esta revisión incentiva el estudio, investigación y desarrollo de las múltiples áreas y disciplinas que tratan con la empatía.Palabras clave:
empatía, rostro, sistema nervioso autónomo, neuronas en espejo, ínsula, interocepciónReferencias
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40. Shura RD, Psy D, Hurley RA, Taber KH, Ph D. Insular Cortex: Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy. 2014.
41. Craig ADB. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(1):59-70.
42. Critchley HD, Harrison N a. Visceral Influences on Brain and Behavior. Neuron. 2013;77(4):624-638
43. Gu X, Liu X, Van Dam NT, Hof PR, Fan J. Cognition-emotion integration in the anterior insular cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23(1):20-27.
44. Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Naidich TP, Hof PR, Fan J. Functional Dissociation of the Frontoinsular and Anterior Cingulate Cortices in Empathy
for Pain. J Neurosci. 2010;30(10):3739-3744.
45. Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Öhman A, Dolan RJ. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci.
2004;7(2):189-195.
46. Harrison NA, Gray MA, Gianaros PJ, Critchley HD. The Embodiment of Emotional Feelings in the Brain. J Neurosci. 2010;30(38):12878-12884.
47. Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan R, Frith C. Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain. Science (80- ). 2004;303(5661):1157-1162
48. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage. 2011;54(3):2492-2502.
49. Lockwood PL, Apps MAJ, Roiser JP, Viding E. Encoding of Vicarious Reward Prediction in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Relationship with Trait Empathy. J Neurosci. 2015;35(40):13720-13727.
50. Eriksson D. Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and Functional Connectivity. Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10(December): 1-10.
51. Friston KJ. Functional and effective connectivity: a review. Brain Connect. 2011;1(1):13-36.
52. Beaulieu C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - A technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002;15(7-8):435-455.
53. Parkinson C, Wheatley T. Relating anatomical and social connectivity: White matter microstructure predicts emotional empathy. Cereb
Cortex. 2014;24(3):614-625.
54. Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, et al. Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control. J Neurosci. 2007;27(9):2349-2356.
55. Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V. A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(34):12569-12574.
56. Kim S, Kim S, Kim H, et al. Altered Functional Connectivity of the Default Mode Network in Low-Empathy Subjects. Yonsei Med J. 017;58(5):1061-1065.
57. Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ. Long-term meditators selfinduce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101(46):16369-16373.
58. Varela F, Lachaux J-P, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J. The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci.2001;2(4):229-239.
59. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(2):100-113
2. Halpern J. What is clinical empathy? J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:670-674.
3. Fernández-Pinto I, López-Pérez B, Márquez M. Empatía: Medidas, teorías y aplicaciones en revisión. An Psicol. 2008;24(2):284-298.
4. Diccionario de la lengua española, 23a Ed. Real Academia Española. http://dle.rae.es/?id=EmzYXHW. Published 2014. Accessed November 12, 2017.
5. Preston SD, de Waal FBM. Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav Brain Sci. 2002;25(1):1-20-71.
6. de Waal FBM, Preston SD. Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(8):498-509.
7. Igartua J-J, Páez D. Validez y fiabilidad de una escala de empatía e identificación con los personajes. Psicothema. 1998;10:423-436.
8. Irving P, Dickson D. Empathy: towards a conceptual framework for health professionals. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2004;17(4):212-220.
9. Davis MH. A Multidimensional Approach to Individual Differences in Empathy. Cat Sel Doc Psychol. 1980;10(85):1-17.
10. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional Intelligence. Imagin Cogn Pers. 1990;9(3):185-211.
11. Prochazkova E, Kret ME. Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80(May):99-114
12. Catmur C, Walsh V, Heyes C. Associative sequence learning: the role of experience in the development of imitation and the mirror system. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2009;364(1528):2369-2380.
13. Catmur C, Walsh V, Heyes C. Sensorimotor Learning Configures the Human Mirror System. Curr Biol. 2007;17(17):1527-1531.
14. Baird AD, Scheffer IE, Wilson SJ. Mirror neuron system involvement in empathy: A critical look at the evidence. Soc Neurosci. 2011;6(4):327-335.
15. Kret ME, Derntl B. Emotional expressions beyond facial muscle actions . A call for studying autonomic signals and their impact on social perception. 2015;6(May):1-10.
16. Meltzoff AN, Moore MK. Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates. Science (80- ). 1977;198(4312):75-78.
17. Neal DT, Chartrand TL. Embodied Emotion Perception: Amplifying and Dampening Facial Feedback Modulates Emotion Perception Accuracy. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2011;2(6):673-678.
18. Oberman LM, Winkielman P, Ramachandran VS. Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Soc Neurosci. 2007;2(3-4):167-178.
19. Sonnby-Borgström M. Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotio-nal empathy. Scand J Psychol. 2002;43(5):433-443. doi:1
20. Aniskiewicz AS. Autonomic components of vicarious conditioning and psychopathy. J Clin Psychol. 1979;35(1):60-68.
21. Chauhan B, Mathias CJ, Critchley HD. Autonomic contributions to empathy: evidence from patients with primary autonomic failure. Auton Neurosci. 2008;140:96-100.
22. Chalupa L, Wener J. Learning from the Pupil: Studies of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. In: The Visual Neurosciences. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2004.
23. Bradley MM, Miccoli L, Escrig M a, Lang PJ. The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology. 2008;45:602-607.
24. Demos KE, Kelley WM, Ryan SL, Davis FC, Whalen PJ. Human amygdala sensitivity to the pupil size of others. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18(12):2729-2734.
25. Harrison NA, Wilson CE, Critchley HD. Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy. Emotion. 2007;7(4):724-729.
26. Harrison NA, Singer T, Rotshtein P, Dolan RJ, Critchley HD. Pupillary contagion: central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2006;1(1):5-17.
27. Verdugo R, Vergara R, Madariaga S, Maldonado P. Cambio pupilar ante la observación de emociones como función de la empatía. En prensa.
28. Verdugo R, Brunetti E, Maldonado P. “Cambio pupilar como indicador de empatía.” 2012.
29. Restrepo LC. El Derecho a La Ternura. LOM.; 1999.
30. Fukushima H, Terasawa Y, Umeda S. Association between interoception and empathy: evidence from heartbeat-evoked brain potential. Int J Psychophysiol. 2011;79(2):259-265
31. Bigelow H. Dr. Harlow’s Case of Recovery from the passage of an Iron Bar through the Head. Am J Med Sci. 1850;20:13-22.
32. Gu X, Hof PR, Friston KJ, Fan J. Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness. J Comp Neurol. 2013;521(15):3371-3388.
33. Fan Y, Duncan NW, de Greck M, Northoff G. Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):903-911.
34. Cattaneo L, Rizzolatti G. The Mirror Neuron System. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(5):557-560.
35. Gazzola V, Aziz-Zadeh L, Keysers C. Empathy and the Somatotopic Auditory Mirror System in Humans. Curr Biol. 2006;16(18):1824-1829.
36. Linkovski O, Katzin N, Salti M. Mirror Neurons and Mirror-Touch Synesthesia. Neurosci. 2016:1-6.
37. Banissy MJ, Ward J. Mirror-touch synesthesia is linked with empathy. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10(7)
38. van Leeuwen TM, Singer W, Nikoli D. The merit of synesthesia for consciousness research. Front Psychol. 2015;6(DEC):1-9.
39. Blakemore SJ, Bristow D, Bird G, Frith C, Ward J. Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of visiontouch
synaesthesia. Brain. 2005;128(7):1571-1583.
40. Shura RD, Psy D, Hurley RA, Taber KH, Ph D. Insular Cortex: Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy. 2014.
41. Craig ADB. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(1):59-70.
42. Critchley HD, Harrison N a. Visceral Influences on Brain and Behavior. Neuron. 2013;77(4):624-638
43. Gu X, Liu X, Van Dam NT, Hof PR, Fan J. Cognition-emotion integration in the anterior insular cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23(1):20-27.
44. Gu X, Liu X, Guise KG, Naidich TP, Hof PR, Fan J. Functional Dissociation of the Frontoinsular and Anterior Cingulate Cortices in Empathy
for Pain. J Neurosci. 2010;30(10):3739-3744.
45. Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Öhman A, Dolan RJ. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci.
2004;7(2):189-195.
46. Harrison NA, Gray MA, Gianaros PJ, Critchley HD. The Embodiment of Emotional Feelings in the Brain. J Neurosci. 2010;30(38):12878-12884.
47. Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan R, Frith C. Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain. Science (80- ). 2004;303(5661):1157-1162
48. Lamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage. 2011;54(3):2492-2502.
49. Lockwood PL, Apps MAJ, Roiser JP, Viding E. Encoding of Vicarious Reward Prediction in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Relationship with Trait Empathy. J Neurosci. 2015;35(40):13720-13727.
50. Eriksson D. Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and Functional Connectivity. Front Neural Circuits. 2016;10(December): 1-10.
51. Friston KJ. Functional and effective connectivity: a review. Brain Connect. 2011;1(1):13-36.
52. Beaulieu C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - A technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002;15(7-8):435-455.
53. Parkinson C, Wheatley T. Relating anatomical and social connectivity: White matter microstructure predicts emotional empathy. Cereb
Cortex. 2014;24(3):614-625.
54. Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, et al. Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control. J Neurosci. 2007;27(9):2349-2356.
55. Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V. A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(34):12569-12574.
56. Kim S, Kim S, Kim H, et al. Altered Functional Connectivity of the Default Mode Network in Low-Empathy Subjects. Yonsei Med J. 017;58(5):1061-1065.
57. Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ. Long-term meditators selfinduce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101(46):16369-16373.
58. Varela F, Lachaux J-P, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J. The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat Rev Neurosci.2001;2(4):229-239.
59. Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W. Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(2):100-113
